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Dynamics and structure of diatom communities in glacier and/or groundwater-fed streams.
Prüherová, Alžběta ; Kulichová, Jana (advisor) ; Žárský, Jakub (referee)
Alpine streams and their algal communities have been increasingly challenged in recent years by the effects of climate change, particularly associated with glacier retreat and their melting. Glaciers in particular are an important hydrological source for alpine ecosystems, which are threatened by rising temperatures, that are more influential in these areas than at lower altitudes. Due to the ongoing retreat of glaciers, glacier meltwater is increasingly being added to tributary streams. This glacier water has significantly different characteristics and may thus be a significant contributor to changes in the diatom biodiversity of alpine aquatic ecosystems. The manipulated experiment of this thesis took place from July to September 2020 in the Swiss Alps. Using permanent diatom slides created out of samples taken from the experimental channels, changes occurring when glacier meltwater was added to ground water-fed tributary streams and changes occurring when ground water was added to glacier-fed streams were analysed. Changes in diatom abundances were compared with environmental factors such as temperature, pH, turbidity or conductivity. Glacial streams were characterised by significantly lower temperature, higher values of conductivity and turbidity, higher oxygen saturation and also higher pH...
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Integrated development of a bioprocess: From the soil enzyme to the yeast production platform
Borčinová, Martina ; Kyslík, Pavel (advisor) ; Uhlík, Ondřej (referee) ; Hasal, Pavel (referee)
For a sustainable future, there is a call to increase the market share of bio-based technologies and materials. Microbial-based technologies have the potential and the ability to contribute substantively on many levels to global efforts to achieve sustainability. Development and utilization of microbial technologies is, however, an extensive process involving numerous steps, including the discovery of novel technologies and the development of industrially viable production systems. In the presented thesis, individual steps of microbial biotechnology development were addressed. In the first part of the study, a variety of methodological approaches were employed in order to study the effect of the anthropogenic activity (i.e., decades lasting production of penicillin G) on the structure of soil microbial communities. Moreover, both cultivable and non-cultivable fractions of populations were subjected to functional screening in order to unravel the biotechnological potential of the microorganisms in terms of production of enzymes involved in biotransformation of beta-lactam antibiotics: penicillin G acylase (PGA) and alpha amino acid ester hydrolase (AEH). Our results indicated that the impacted communities harbour a microbial community with increased diversity and richness. However, on the...
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Biodegradation of new types of lightweight polyurethanes in different environmentally-relevant microcosms
Hušek, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Presented diploma thesis focuses on a new type of lightweight polyurethane foam (PUR), which has been manufactured with the intention of it being biodegradable within currently valid norms on biodegradation of plastic materials. The future use of said polyurethane foam is as carrier for odor repellent to avoid wildlife-vehicle collisions in agriculture landscape, where, after the end of its lifespan it could be left to biodegrade in soil the environment. The examined material, PUR BIO-10, was tested for biodegradability in laboratory microcosms according to standardized method ASTM D5988-03. Biodegradability was tested in two separate soil types - forest soil and agricultural soil, which have been selected with the future use of the material in mind. According to the method biodegradability was measured as mineralization of the material by capturing evolved carbon dioxide. Two trials with different treatments were executed. In the first trial the material was introduced directly into the soil and in the second trial the material was tested in a litterbag to avoid soil contamination which was problematic for further analysis. During the first trial, after 90 days, the mineralization of polyurethane foam was 10.65 ± 2.54 % in the forest soil and 20.48 ± 9.18 % in the agricultural soil. During the...
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Biodegradation of new types of lightweight polyurethanes in different environmentally-relevant microcosms
Hušek, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Presented diploma thesis focuses on a new type of lightweight polyurethane foam (PUR), which has been manufactured with the intention of it being biodegradable within currently valid norms on biodegradation of plastic materials. The future use of said polyurethane foam is as carrier for odor repellent to avoid wildlife-vehicle collisions in agriculture landscape, where, after the end of its lifespan it could be left to biodegrade in soil the environment. The examined material, PUR BIO-10, was tested for biodegradability in laboratory microcosms according to standardized method ASTM D5988-03. Biodegradability was tested in two separate soil types - forest soil and agricultural soil, which have been selected with the future use of the material in mind. According to the method biodegradability was measured as mineralization of the material by capturing evolved carbon dioxide. During the first trial the mineralization of polyurethane foam was 10.65 ± 2.54 % in the forest soil and 20.48 ± 9.18 % in the agricultural soil. During the second trial the mineralization was 3.88 ± 3.42 % in the forest soil and 8.96 ± 1.79 % in the agricultural soil. In the second trial the difference between the soils was statistically significant. After the end of the biodegradation experiments the tested material was...
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Assembly, successional development and functioning of microbial communities in deadwood
Bernardová, Natálie ; Brabcová, Vendula (advisor) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
Dead wood is one of the most important reservoirs associated with forest ecosystems. In natural forests, its volume is counted in hundreds of m3 ha-1 , whereas it reaches only tens of m3 ha-1 in productive commercial forests. In contrast to soil and plant litter, deadwood is unevenly distributed on the forest floor. The specific physicochemical properties such as high content of recalcitrant polymers, low nitrogen level and impermeability negatively affect the rate of decomposition especially in the initial stages of wood deconstruction. The deadwood decomposition is very slow in comparisons with other substrates, it accumulates and thus it represents the important reservoir of nutrients. This thesis is focused on the structure, development and function of microbial (fungal) community in decomposing deadwood in unmanaged forest. Functional screening of fungi isolated from fruit bodies collected from coarse deadwood was set aside. Physico-chemical properties of deadwood including pH, carbon and nitrogen content and microbial biomass were estimated for four wood decomposition stages and three different tree species. New generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq platform) was applied for fungal community structure analysis based on ITS2 fragment. Fungal functional screening was based on physico-chemical...
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Utilization of phospholipid fatty acids analysis for biodrying study
Stránská, Štěpánka ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
The aim of this thesis is the utilization of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis to determine groups of microorganisms present during the biodrying of sewage sludge and their description in relation to the temperature regime of the biodrying. Four experimental cycles A, B, C, D were followed. Cycles A, B and C, D differred from each other in the sewage sludge collected from two waste water treatment plants. The cycles A, B, C and D were each performed in two reactors with different aeration regimes to compare the mesophilic (max. temperature ±50 řC) and thermophilic (max. temperature ±70 řC) regimes of biodrying. PLFA analysis was used to determine the microbial groups. Concentrations of individual PLFA were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The total PLFA concentration corresponding to total microbial biomass was decreasing during both temperature regimes of cycles B, C, D, while the total PLFA concentration increased towards the end of both temperature regimes of cycle A. The total PLFA concentration reached statistically higher values at the end of the mesophilic regime of cycles B, C and D. The development of fungi to bacteria ratio showed that fungi applied more with the progression of both temperature regimes of cycles A, B and the thermophilic regime of cycle C. Based on...
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Composition and activity of microbial community during decomposition of plant litter on two contrasting localities
Burešová, Andrea ; Marečková, Markéta (advisor) ; Tejnecký, Václav (referee)
Decomposition of organic matter in soil is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors and their role is different depending on site, organic substrate and its decomposition phase. Soil microbial community influences soil organic decomposition process in a different way, which is manifested, for example, by changes of microbial abundance and production of extracellular enzymes. The thesis aimed in determining relationship of two main soil microbial decomposers groups - fungi and actinobacteria in decomposition processes in situ. The impact of selected factors on decomposition processes were determined by experiment with litterbags, which were filled with litter of plant with different properties. Astragalus exscapus from the Fabaceae family contains high amounts of nitrogen in the tissues, Fagus sylvatica contains high amounts of carbon and lignin and Carex humilis has less carbon in the tissues than Fagus sylvatica falling in tissue element composition between Astragalus exscapus and Fagus sylvatica. Litterbags with three plant species were put under a litter layer at both contrasting sites. Litterbags and samples of soil were collected every two months during the years 2011-2012. Each litterbag was weighted, DNA was isolated from litter and soil samples and analyses of quantitative real time PCR...
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Effect of agronomic and nutritional measures on soil biological activity
KINCL, Petr
This bachelor thesis is a literature review, examinig the effect of agricultural and nutritional measures on soil biological activity. Bachelor thesis is systematically divided into several parts. At the beginning of the thesis are included important dates regarding soil organic matter and edaphon. Another part of the work has been to study effects of fertilization and liming on soil biological activity. Furthermore, there are studies on the impact of agro-technical measures and the impact of the application of pesticides. The paper also lists methods of research soil biological activity.
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